IPA | Bible Wa (and revs) | PRC (prototype) | PRC Wa | Official Wa |
---|---|---|---|---|
p t tɕ k | p t c k | p t c k | b d j g | p t c k |
b d dʑ g | b d j g | b d j k | nb nd nj mg | b d j g |
pʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ | hp ht hc hk (ph th ch hk)* |
ph th ch kh | p t q k | ph th ch kh |
bʰ dʰ dʑʰ gʰ | b d j g (bh dh jh gh)* (hb hd hj hg)‡ |
bh dh jh gh | np nt nq nk | bh dh jh gh |
m n ɲ ŋ | m n ny ng | m n ɲ ŋ | m n ny ng | m n ny ng |
mʰ nʰ ɲʰ ŋʰ | m n ny ng (mh nh nyh ngh)* |
mh nh ɲh ŋh | hm hn hny hng | mh nh nyh ngh |
r j l v s | r y l v s | r z l v s | r y l v s | r y l v s |
rʰ jʰ lʰ vʰ | r y l v (rh yh lh vh)* (hr hy hl hv)‡ |
rh zh lh vh | hr hl hy hv | rh yh lh vh/f |
-p -t -c k | p t t/k† k | p t k† k | b d g† g | p t t/k† k |
-m -n -ɲ -ŋ | m n ng† ng | m n ng† ng | m n ng† ng | m n ng† ng |
IPA | Bible Wa (and revs) | PRC (prototype) | PRC Wa | Official Wa |
-h -ʔ | (not marked) (h x)*‡ |
h q | h x | h x |
i e ɛ a | i e eh a | i e э a | i ei ie a | i ei ie a |
(i ei ie a)*‡ | ||||
u o ɔ | u o aw | u o | u ou o | u o aw |
ɤ ɯ | eu ui | w y | ee e | ee e |
ui oi ɔi | u-i o-e oi** | ui oi ɵi | ui oui oi | wi/ui we awi |
ɯi ɤi aɯ | ui-i eu-e au | wi yi aw | eei eui ae(e) | eei eue au |
ia | i-a | ia | ia | ia/ya |
iaɔ uai ua | i-ao u-ai u-a** | iau uai ua | iao uai ua | iao |
(iao uai ua)‡ | ||||
a / a̤ | a /a(a / ā)‡ | a / aъ | a / ā | see table below |
* revisions included in Wa Welfare Society (WWS) booklets (Ai Pao 1992, 1994).
** Bible Wa spellings of diphthongs were subject to arbitrary variation.
‡ revisions proposed by nyī Ka (1989).
† none of the orthographies distinguishes palatal final consonants. the phonological contrast is maintained instead by the preceding palatal glide, characteristic of Mon-Khmer palatal finals, and reclassifying the palatal as either velar or alveolar.